TOEFL PREP 2 - READING COMPREHENSION TEST

 

READING COMPREHENSION
 
DIRECTIONS
 
In this section, you will read a number of passages. Each one is followed by approximately ten questions about it. For questions 1-50, choose the one best answer. (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, find the number of the question on your answer sheet, and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all of the questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
 
Questions 1 through 10 are based on the following passage.
 
The Stone Age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 million b.c. and lasted until 3000 B.C. Its name was derived from the stone tools and weapons that modern scientists found. This period was divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. During the first period (2 million to 8000 b.c.). the first hatchet and use of fire for heating and cooking were developed. As a result of the Ice Age, which evolved about 1 million years into the Paleolithic Age, people were forced to seek shelter in caves, wear clothing, and develop new tools.
During the Mesolithic Age (8000 to 6000 b.c.), people made crude pottery and the first fish hooks, took dogs hunting, and developed the bow and arrow, which were used until the fourteenth century a.d.
The Neolithic Age (6000 to 3000 b.c.) saw humankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle, being less nomadic than in previous eras, establishing permanent settlements, and creating governments.
 
1. Into how many periods was the Stone Age divided?
(A) 2        (B) 3        (C) 4        (D) 5
 
2. In line 3, the word "derived" is closest in meaning to
(A) originated (B) destroyed (C) hallucinated (D) discussed
 
3. Which of the following was developed earliest?
(A) Fish hook (B) Hatchet (C) Bow sud arrow (D) Pottery
 
4. Which of the following developments is NOT related to the conditions of the Ice Age⁹
(A) Farming (B) Clothing (C) Living indoors (D) Usingfire
 
5. The word "crude" in !ine 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) extravagant (B) complex (C) vulgar (D) primitive
 
6. The author states that the Stone Age was so named because
(A) it was very durable like stone (B) the tools and weapons were made of stone
(C) there was little vegetation (D) the people lived in stone caves
 
7. In line 17, "nomadic" is closest in meaning to
(A) sedentary (B) wandering (C) primitive (D) inquisitive
 
8. With what subject is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The Neolithic Age (C) The Stone Age
(B) The Paleolithic Age (D) The Ice Age
 
9. Which of the following best describes the Mesolithic Age?
(A) People were inventive. (B) People stayed indoors all the time.
(C) People were warriors. (D) People were crude.
 
10. In line 17, the word "eras" is closest in meaning to
(A) families       (B) periods       (C) herds       (D) tools
 
Questions 11 through 23 are based on the following passage.
 
Hot boning is an energy-saving technique for the meat processing industry. It has received significant attention in recent years when increased pressure for energy conservation has accentuated the need for more efficient methods of processing the bovine carcass. Cooling an entire carcass requires a considerable amount of refrigerated space, since bone and trimmable fat are cooled along with the muscle. It is also necessary to space the carcasses adequately in the refrigerated room for better air movement and prevention of microbial contamination, thus adding to the volume requirements for carcass chillers.

Conventional handling of meat involves holding the beef sides in the cooler for 24 to 36 hours before boning. Chilling in the traditional fashion is also associated with a loss of carcass weight ranging from 2 percent to 4 percent due to evaporation of moisture from the meat tissue.

Early excision, or hot boning, of muscle prerigor followed by vacuum packaging has several potential advantages. By removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor, refrigeration space and costs are minimized, boning labor is decreased, and storage yields increased. Because hot boning often results in the toughening of meat, a more recent approach, hot boning following electrical stimulation, has been used to reduce the necessary time of rigor mortis.

Some researchers have found this method beneficial in maintaining tender meat, while others have found that the meat also becomes tough after electrical stimulation.
 
11. The word "accentuated" in line 4 is closest in meaning to……..
(A) de-emphasized (B) speeded up (C) caused (D) highlighted
 
12. All of the following are mentioned as drawbacks of the conventional method of boning EXCEPT ……..
(A) Storage space requirements (B) Energy waste
(C) Loss of carcass weight (D) Toughness of meat
 
13. In line 3, the word "pressure" is nearest in meaning to…….
(A) urgency (B) weight (C) flavor (D) cooking texture
 
14. Hot boning is becoming very popular because……….
(A) it causes meat to be very tender
(B) it helps conserve energy and is less expensive than conventional methods
(C) meat tastes better when the bone is adequately seared along with the meat
(D) it reduces the weight of the carcass
 
15. In line 11, "carcass chiller" is nearest in meaning to……..
(A) a refrigerator for the animal body (B) a method of boning meat
(C) electrical stimulation of beef (D) early excision
 
16. In line 17, "early excision" is closest in meaning to………..
(A) vacuum packaging (C) carcass chilling
(B) hot boning (D) electrical stimulation
 
17. The toughening of meat during hot boning has been combatted by………
(A) following hot boning with electrical stimulation
(B) tenderizing the meat
(C) using electrical stimulation before hot boning
(D) removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor
 
18. The word "bovine" in line 5 is nearest in meaning to………..
(A) cold (B) electrically stimulated (C) beef (D) pork
 
 
 
19. The word "this" in line 25 refers to………
(A) hot boning (B) hot boning following electrical stimulation
(C) rigor mortis (D) removing edibie muscle and fat prerigor
 
20. In line 5,'the word "carcass" is closest in meaning to………..
(A) debonedmeat (B) body (C) refrigerator  (D) fat  "
 
21. The word "considerable" in line 6 is closest in meaning to ………..
(A) frigid       (B) kind       (C) lesser       (D) substantial
 
22. One reason it is recommended to remove bones before refrigerating is that……….
(A) it makes the meat more tender
(B) the bones are able to be used for other purposes
(C) it increases chilling time
(D) it saves cooling space by not refrigerating parts that will be discarded
 
23. The word "trimmable" in line 7 is nearest in meaning to………….
(A) unsaturated (B) removable (C) unhealthy (D) dutiable
 
Questions 24 through 31 are based on the following passage.
 
In 1920, after some thirty-nine years of problems with disease, high costs, and politics, the Panama Canal was officially opened, finally linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships to pass through the fifty-mile canal zone instead of traveling some seven thousand miles around Cape Horn. It takes a ship approximately eight hours to complete the trip through the canal and costs an average of fifteen thousand dollars, one tenth of what it would cost an average ship to round the Horn. More than fifteen thousand ships pass through its locks each year. The French initiated the project but sold their rights to the United States, which actually began the construction of the project. The latter will control it until the end of the twentieth century when Panama takes over its duties.
 
24. Who currently controls the Panama Canal?
(A) France (B) United States (C) Panama (D) Canal Zone
 
25. The word "locks" in line 10 is closest in meaning to……….
(A) securities (B) latches (C) lakes (D) canal gates
 
26. On the average, how much would it cost a ship to travel around Cape Horn?
(A) $1,500     (B) $15,000     (C) $150,000     (D) $1,500,000
 
27. In what year was construction begun on the canal?
(A) 1881       (B) 1920      (C) 1939       (D) 1999
 
28. It can be inferred from this passage that………
(A) the canal is a costly project which should be reevaluated
(B) despite all the problems involved, the project is beneficial
(C) many captains prefer to sail around Cape Horn because it •   is less expensive
(D) problems have made it necessary for three governments to control the canal over the years
 
29. In line 3, the word "linking" is closest in meaning to………
(A) controlling (C) detaching (B) dispersing       (D) joining
 
30. In line 11, "initiated" is nearest in meaning to ………
(A) purchased '" (B) launched (C) forfeited (D) forced
 
31. All of the following are true EXCEPT………..
(A) it costs so much to pass through the locks because very few ships use them
(B) the United States received the rights to the canal from the French;
(C) a ship can pass through the canal in only eight hours
(D) passing through the canal saves thousands of miles of travel time around Cape Horn
 
questions 32 through 41 are based on the following passage.
 
In 776 b.c., the first Olympic Games were held at the foot of Mount Olympus to honor the Greeks' chief god, Zeus. The warm climate for outdoor activities, the need for
preparedness in war, and their lifestyle caused the Greeks A to create competitive sports. Only the elite and military could participate at first, but later the games were open to all free Greek males who had no criminal record. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth. Therefore, contests in running, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cities, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus. Winners were greatly honored by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds.
     Originally these contests were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to allow the games to take place. They also helped to strengthen bonds among
competitors and the different cities represented. The Greeks attached so much importance to the games that they calculated time in four-year cycles called "Olympiads," dating from 776 b.c. The contests coincided with religious festivities and constituted an all-out effort on the part of the participants to please the gods. Any who disobeyed the rules were dismissed and seriously punished. These athletes brought shame not only to themselves, but also to the cities they represented.
 
32. Which of the following is NOT true?
(A) Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads.
(B) The, games were held in Greece every four years.
(C) .Battles were interrupted to participate in the games.
(D) Poems glorified the winners in song.
 
33. The word "elite" in line 5 is closest in meaning to………..
(A) aristocracy (B) brave (C) intellectuals (D) muscular
 
34. Why were the Olympic Games held?
(A) To stop wars (B) To honor Zeus
(C) To crown the best athletes (D) To sing songs about the athletes
 
35. Approximately how many years ago did these games originate?
(A) 800 years (B) 1,200years (C) 2,300 years (D) 2,800years
 
36. What conclusion can we draw about the ancient Greeks?
(A) They were pacifists. (B) They believed athletic events were important.
(C) They were very simple. (D) They couldn't count, so they used "Olympiads" for dates.
 
37. What is the .main idea of this passage?
(A) Physical fitness was an integral part of the lives of the ancient Greeks.
(B) The Greeks severely punished those who did not participate in physical fitness programs.
(C) The Greeks had always encouraged everyone to participate in the games.
(D) The Greeks had the games coincide with religious festivities so that they could go back to
  war when the games were over.
 
38. In line 14, the word "deeds" is closest in meaning to………
(A) accomplishments (B) ancestors (C) documents (D) property
 
39. Which of the following was ultimately required of all athletes competing in the Olympics?
(A) They must have completed military service.
(B) They had to attend special training sessions.
(C) They had to be Greek males with no criminal record.
(D) They had to be very religious.
 
40. The word "halted" in line 16 means most nearly the same as……..
(A) encouraged (B) started (C) curtailed (D) fixed
 
41. What is an "Olympiad"?
(A) The time it took to finish the games (B) The time between games
(C) The time it took to finish a war (D) The time it took the athletes to train
 
Questions 42 through 50 are based on the following passage,
 
Tampa, Florida, owes a great deal of its growth and prosperity to a Cuban cigar manufacturer named Vicente Martinez Ybor. When civil war broke out in 1869, he was forced to flee his country, and he moved his business to south Florida. Sixteen years later, labor union problems in Key West caused him to seek a better location along the west coast of the state. He bought a forty-acre tract of land and made plans to set up his cigar factory on the site. This original sixteen-block stretch of land later expanded to one hundred acres near Tampa. This newly developed area was called Ybor City in his honor. Spanish, Italian, and Cuban immigrants flocked to the area as the demand for workers in the cigar factory increased. One fifth of the city's twenty thousand residents enjoyed the high-paying jobs there. At the end of the 1800s, Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and freedom fighter, organized a revolution from Ybor City and managed to get considerable support for his movement. Teddy Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" were stationed there during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Much of the prosperity of this region is due to Ybor's cigar factory established more than one hundred years ago.
 
42. Where is Ybor City located?
(A) South Florida (B) Cuba (C) West Florida (D) Marti ,
 
43. The word "flee" in line 4 means most nearly the same as……..
(A) escape (B) return to (C) fight (D) disembody
 
44. The word "seek" in line 6 is closest in meaning to………..
(A) purchase       (B) pursue      (C) elude       (D) develop
 
45. Why will people probably continue to remember Ybor's name?
(A) He suffered a great deal. (B) An area was named in his honor.
(C) He was .a Cuban revolutionary. (D) He was forced to flee his homeland.
 
46. In line 12, the word "flocked" is closest in meaning to………
(A) came in large numbers (B) escaped hurriedly
(C) increased rapidly (D) prospered greatly
 
47. In the early years, how many residents of Ybor City worked in the cigar factory?
(A) 4,000      (B) 5,000       (C) 10,000       (D) 20,000
 
48. What is the besMitle for the passage?
(A) TbeSpanish-American War
(B) Cuban Contributions in the Development of Ybor City
(C) Ybor's Contribution to Developing Part of the Tampa Area
(D) The Process of Cigar Manufacturing
 
49. In line 8, "site" is closest in meaning to……….
(A) location (B) view (C) vision  (D) indebtedness
 
50. Who was Jose Marti?
(A) A good friend of Ybor (B) One of Teddy Roosevelt's "Rough Riders"
(C) A Cuban writer who sought to free his country (D) A worker in the cigar factory
 
READING COMPREHENSION
 
DIRECTIONS
In this section, you will read a number of passages. Each one is followed by approximately ten questions about it. For questions 1-50, choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, find the number of the question on your answer sheet, and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all of the questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.
 
Questions 1 through 10 are based on the following passage.
 
Napoleon Bonaparte's ambition to control all the area around the Mediterranean Sea led him and his French soldiers to Egypt. After losing a naval battle, they were forced to remain there for three years. In 1799, while constructing a fort, a soldier discovered a piece of stele (a stone pillar bearing an inscription) known as the Rosetta stone, in commemoration of the town near the fort This famous stone, which would eventually lead to the deciphering of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics dating to 3100 b.c. was written in three languages: hieroglyphics (picture writing), demotic (a shorthand version of Egyptian hieroglyphics), and Greek. Scientists discovered that the characters, unlike those in English, could be written from right to left and in other directions as well. The direction in which they were read depended on how the characters were arranged. Living elements (animals, people, and body parts) were often the first symbols, and the direction that they faced indicated the direction for reading them.

Twenty-three years after the discovery of the Rosetta (20) stone, Jean Francois Champollion, a French philologist fluent in several languages, was able to decipher the first word—Ptolemy—the name of an Egyptian ruler. This name was written inside an oval called a "cartouche." Further investigation revealed that cartouches contained names of (25) important people of that period. Champollion painstakingly continued his search and was able to increase his growing list of known phonetic signs. He and an Englishman, Thomas Young, worked independently of each other to unravel the deeply hidden mysteries of this strange lan-(30) guage. Young believed that sound values could be assigned to the symbols, while Champollion insisted that the pictures represented words.
 
1. All of the following languages were written on the Rosetta, stone EXCEPT……….
(A) French (C) Greek (B) demotic (D) hieroglyphics
 
2. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT……….
(A) cartouches contained names of prominent people of the period
(B) Champollion and Young worked together in an attempt to decipher the hieroglyphics
(C) one of Napoleon's soldiers discovered the Rosetta stone
(D) Thomas Young believed that sound values could be assigned to the symbols
 
3. The word "deciphering" in line 8 is closest in meaning to……….
(A) decoding (C) discovery (B) downfall (D) probing
 
4. The first word deciphered from the Rosetta stone was………
(A) cartouche (C) demotic (B) Ptolemy (D) Champollion
 
5. Napoleon's soldiers were in Egypt in 1799 because they were………
(A) celebrating a naval victory (B) looking for the Rosetta stone
(C) waiting to continue their campaign (D) trying to decipher the hieroglyphics
 
6. The person responsible for deciphering the first word was………
(A) Champollion (C) Ptolemy (B) Young (D) Napoleon
 
7. Why was the piece of newly discovered stele called the Rosetta stone?
(A) It was shaped like a rosette. (B) It was to honor Napoleon's friend Rosetta.
(C) The town near the fort was called Rosetta. (D) The fort was called Rosetta.
 
8. In line 1, "ambition' is nearest meaning to ……….
(A) aspiration (B) indolence is nearest in meaning to (C) indifference (D) apathy
 
9. What is the best title for the passage?
(A) Napoleon's Great Discovery (B) Deciphering the Hieroglyphics of the Rosetta Stone
(C) Thomas Young's Great Contribution (D) The Importance of Cartouches
 
10. In which lines of the reading passage is the direction for reading hieroglyphics discussed?
(A) Lines 5-8 (C) Lines 19-22 (B) Lines 14-18  (D) Lines 25-27
 
Questions 11 through 20 are based on the following passage.
 
Sequoyah was a young Cherokee Indian, son of a white trader and an Indian squaw. At an early age, he became fascinated by "the talking leaf," an expression that he used to describe the white man's written records. Although many believed this "talking leaf to be a gift from the Great Spirit, Sequoyah refused to accept that theory. Like other Indians of the period, he was illiterate, but his determination to remedy the situation led to the invention of a unique eighty-six-character alphabet based on the sound patterns that he heard.

His family and friends thought him mad, but while recuperating from a hunting accident, he diligently and independently set out to create a form of communication for his own people as well as for other Indians. In 1821, after twelve years of work, he had successfully developed a written language that would enable thousands of Indians to read and write.

Sequoyah's desire to preserve words and events for later generations has caused him to be remembered among the  important inventors. The giant redwood trees of California, called "sequoias" in his honor, will further imprint his name in history.
 
11. What is the most important reason that Sequoyah will be remembered?
(A) California redwoods were named in his honor. (B) He was illiterate.
(C) He created a unique alphabet. (D) He recovered from his madness and helped humankind.
 
12. The word "squaw" in line 2 is closest in meaning to………
(A) woman       (B) teacher       (C) cook       (D) trader
 
13. How did Sequoyah's family react to his idea of developing his own "talking leaf'?
(A) They arranged for his hunting accident. (B) They thought he was crazy.
(C) They decided to help him. (D) They asked him to teach them to read and write.
 
14. What prompted Sequoyah to develop his alphabet?
(A) People were writing things about him that he couldn't read.
(B) He wanted to become famous.
(C) After his hunting accident, he needed something to keep him busy.
(D) He wanted the history of his people preserved for future generations.
 
15. In line 7, the word "illiterate" means most nearly the same as……..
(A) fierce (B) poor (C) abandoned (D) unable to read or write
 
16. It is implied that Sequoyah called the written records "the talking leaf” because…….
(A) they played music
(B) when he observed white people reading, they seemed to understand what was written
(C) he was going mad, and he thought the leaves were talking .to him
(D) it was the only way that the Great Spirit had of communicating with them
 
17. Sequoyah could best be described as……….
(A) determined (C) backwards (B) mad (D) meek
 
18. What is the best title for the passage?
(A) Sequoyah's Determination to Preserve the Cherokee Language
(B) The Origin of the Cherokee Language
(C) Sequoyah's Madness Leads to a New Language
(D) The Origin of the "Sequoia" Trees in California
 
19. In line 3, "fascinated" is closest in meaning to……….
(A) absorbed (C) confused (B) exasperated (D) imaginative
 
20. All of the following are true EXCEPT…………
(A) Sequoyah developed a form of writing with the help of the Cherokee tribe
(B) Sequoyah was a very observant young man
(C) Sequoyah spent twelve years developing his alphabet
(D) Sequoyah was honored by having some trees named after him
 
Questions 21 through 30 are based on the following passage.
 
The mighty, warlike Aztec nation existed in Mexico from 1195 to 1521. The high priests taught the people that the sun would shine, the crops would grow, and the empire would prosper only if the gods were appeased by human sacrifices and blood offerings from all levels of their society. The priests practiced forms of self-mutilation, such as piercing their tongues with thorns and flagellating-themselves with thorn branches. They collected the small amount of blood produced by these practices and offered it to Huitzilopochtli and Quetzalcoatl, their chief gods. They insisted that all Aztecs needed to make some sort of daily sacrifice. Warriors were promised a place of honor in the afterlife if they died courageously in battle.
The Aztecs were constantly at war in order to have enough captives from battle to serve as sacrificial victims.

The prisoners were indoctrinated before their deaths into believing that they, too, would find a place of honor in the afterlife and that their death insured the prosperity of the great Aztec nation. After being heavily sedated with marijuana or a similar drug, they were led up the steps to the top of the ceremonial centers where they accepted their fate passively, and their palpitating hearts were removed from their bodies as an offering to the gods.
 
21. Why did the Aztecs offer human sacrifices?
(A) They were cruel and inhuman. (B) They believed they had to pacify the gods.
(C) They wanted to force the citizens to obey. (D) They wanted to deter crime.
 
22. Before the sacrifices, the victims were……..
(A) tortured and harassed (B) fed and entertained
(C) brainwashed and drugged (D) interrogated and drugged
 
23. In what manner did the victims accept their destiny?
(A) Submissively (B) Rebelliously (C) Violently (D) Notoriously
 
24. The word "appeased' in line four is closest meaning to ……..
(A) glorified (B) assaulted (C) angered (D) satisfied
 
25. What is the best title for the passage?
(A) The Aztecs' Need to Offer Human Sacrifice (B) Aztec Victims
(C) The History of the Mighty Aztec Nation (D) Aztec High Priests
 
26. What did the Aztecs believe the gods craved in order to ensure the people's survival?
(A) Sunshine       (B) Blood       (C) Thorns       (D) Drugs
 
27. Which of the following is NOT given as a reason for offering human sacrifice?
(A) The sun would not rise. (B) The crops would not grow.
(C) The warriors would not be famous. (D) The empire would not be successful.
 
28. Why were the victims willing to accept their fate?
(A) They liked to see the sun shine.
(B) They wanted everyone to see them at the top of the ceremonial centers.
(C) They were made to believe they would have a place of honor in eternity.
(D) They liked to take drugs.
 
29. Which of the following is described as a form of self-torture that the high priests practiced?
(A) Indoctrination (B) Heavy sedation (C) Piercing their tongues (D) Sacrificing victims
 
30  In line 1, the word "mighty" is closest in meaning to……….
(A) primitive (C) meticulous (B) unimposing (D) powerful
 
Questions 3} through 41 are based on the following passage.
 
Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source—crude oil found below ?he earth's surface, as well as under large bodies of water. from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25.000 feet into the earth's interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole into the earth, but more dry 1-oJes are drilled than those producing oil..Either prepare at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from about ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in forty-two-gallon barrels.
Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent, or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but in such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and unions of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule. The various petroleum products are refined by heating  crude oil and then condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
 
31. All of the following are true EXCEPT………..
(A) crude oil is found below land and water
(B) crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface
(C) pumping and pressure force crude  oil to the surface
(D) many petroleum products are obtained from crude oil
 
32. The word "minute" in line 19 is closest in meaning to……..
(A) instant      (B) huge      (C). insignificant      (D) timely
 
33. Many thousands of hydrocarbon compounds are possible because………..
(A) the petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance
(B) complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure
(C) the two atoms in the molecule assume many positions
(D) the pressure needed to force it to the surface causes molecular transformation
 
34. In line 32, the word "upgrade" is closest in meaning to………
(A) improve (C) charge (B) counteract (D) unite
 
35. Which of the following is true?
(A) The various petroleum products are produced by filtration.
(B) Heating and condensing produce the various products.
(C) Chemical separation is used to produce the various products.
(D) Mechanical means, such as centrifuging, are used to produce the various products.
 
36. The word "opaque" in line 14 means most nearly the same as ………
(A) transparent      (B) turbid      (Q light      (D) crude
 
37. How is crude oil brought to the surface?
(A) Expansion of the hydrocarbons (B) Pressure and pumping
(C) Vacuum created in the drilling pipe (D) Expansion and contraction of the earth's surface
 
38. All of the following are listed as light oils EXCEPT………
(A) Distillate oil (C) Lubricating oil (B) Gasoline      (D) Kerosene
 
39. What are the principal components of all petroleum products?
(A) Hydrogen and carbon  (B) Residual fuel oils (C) Crude oils (D) Refined substances
 
40. The word "condensing" in line 25 is nearest in meaning to……….
(A) cooling (C) diluting (B) expanding (D) refuting
 
41. The word "they" in line 20 refers to………
(A) impurities (C) hydrocarbons (B) minute quantities (D) trace elements
 
Questions 42 through 50 are based on the following passage.
 
In the United States, presidential elections are held in years evenly divisible by four (J884,1900,1964, etc.). Since 1840, American presidents elected in years ending with zero have died in office, with one exception. William H. Harrison, the man who served the shortest term, died of pneumonia only several weeks after his inauguration.

Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years later. James A, Garfield, a former (10) Union army general from Ohio, was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldn't give a job. While in his second term of office (1901), William McKinley, another Ohioan, attend• -i the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the guests. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas only three years after his election.

Three years after his election in 1920, Warren O. Hording died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected four times (1932,1936,1940, and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and eventually died of the illness in 1945.
Ronald Reagan, who was elected in 1980 and re-elected four years later, suffered an assassination attempt but did not succumb to the assassin's bullets. He was the first to break the long chain of unfortunate events. Will the candidate in the election of 2000 also be as lucky?
 
42. All of the following were election years EXCEPT ……
(A) 1960       (B) 1930       (C) 1888      (D) 1824
 
43. Which president served the shortest term in office?
(A) Abraham Lincoln (C) William McKinley
(B) Warren G. Harding (D) William H. Harrison
 
44. Which of the following is true?
(A) All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in office.
(B) Only presidents from Ohio have died in office.
(C) Franklin D. Roosevelt completed four terms as president.
(D) Four American presidents have been assassinated.
 
45. How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died in office?
(A) 7       (B)5       (C)4      (D)3
 
46. The word "inauguration" in line 6 means most nearly the same as…….
(A) election (B) acceptance speech (C) swearing-in ceremony (D) campaign
 
47. All of the following presidents were assassinated EXCEPT……..
(A) John F. Kennedy (B) Abraham Lincoln
(C) Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) James A. Garfield
 
48 The word "whom" in line 11 refers to………
(A) Garfield (B) Garfield's assassin (C) a Union army general (D) McKinley
 
49. The word "assassinated" in line 8 is closest in meaning to………
(A) murdered (C) honored (B) decorated (D) sickened
 
50. In line 22, "contracted" is closest in meaning to…………
(A) communicated about (C) agreed about (B) developed (D) notified
 
 
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